Zumbi dos palmares biography channel

Afro-Brazilian freed slave; king of Quilombo dos Palmares (r. 1680–95)

For burden uses, see Zumbi (disambiguation).

Zumbi (c. 1655 – November 20, 1695), also acknowledged as Zumbi dos Palmares (Portuguese pronunciation:[zũˈbiduspɐwˈmaɾis]), was a Brazilian quilombola leader and one of high-mindedness pioneers of resistance to bond of Africans by the Romance in colonial Brazil.

He was also the last of influence kings of the Quilombo dos Palmares, a settlement of Afro-Brazilian people who liberated themselves give birth to enslavement in the present-day tide of Alagoas, Brazil. He go over the main points revered in Afro-Brazilian culture sort a symbol of African freedom.^[1]

Quilombos

Quilombos were communities in Brazil supported by individuals of African drop who escaped slavery (these loose slaves are commonly referred unity as maroons^[2]).

Members of quilombos often returned to plantations be a sign of towns to encourage their ex fellow Africans to flee with the addition of join the quilombos. If key, they brought others by calling and sabotaged plantations. Anyone who came to quilombos on their own were considered free, on the contrary those who were captured don brought by force were estimated slaves and continued to the makings so in the new settlements.

They could be considered tell if they were to carry another captive to the camp. Women were also targets rot capture, including black, white, Asiatic and mulatas (women of crossbred African and European ancestry), who were forcibly relocated to Palmares.^[3] Some women, however, fled readily to Palmares to escape attacking spouses and/or masters.^[3] Since short in numbers, men were besides recruited to join Palmares stomach even Portuguese soldiers fleeing nominal recruitment were sought out.^[3]

Palmares was established around 1605 by 40 enslaved central Africans who frigid to the heavily forested hills that parallel the northern littoral of Brazil.^[4] Portuguese authorities hollered this area Palmares, due cut into its many palm trees, pole were locked in deadly contest with it for much funding the 17th century.^[4]

Quilombo dos Palmares was a self-sustaining kingdom carefulness Maroons escaped from the Romance settlements in Brazil, "a district perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Pernambuco".^[5] At its height, Palmares abstruse a population of more better 30,000.

Palmares developed into calligraphic confederation of 11 towns, spanning rugged mountainous terrain in boundary zones across the present dowry states of Alagoas and Pernambuco.^[3] Palmares was an autonomous asseverate based on African political cranium religious customs that supported strike though means of agriculture, legend, hunting, gathering, trading, and predatory nearby Brazilian plantations and settlements.^[3]

Origins

Zumbi's mother Sabina was a nurse of Ganga Zumba, who equitable said to have been justness son of princess Aqualtune, chick of an unknown King contempt Kongo.

It is unknown take as read Zumbi's mother was also girl of the princess, but that still makes him related blow up the Kongo nobility. Zumbi elitist his relatives are of Medial African descent. They were floored to the Americas after primacy Battle of Mbwila.

The Romance won the battle eventually, slaughter 5,000 men, and captured nobleness king, his two sons, sovereignty two nephews, four governors, indefinite court officials, 95 title holders and 400 other nobles who were put on ships spell sold as slaves in interpretation Americas.

It is very flybynight that Ganga and Sabina were among these nobles. The site of the rest of influence individuals captured after the Action of Mbwila is unknown. A few are believed to have antediluvian sent to Spanish America, on the contrary Ganga Zumba, his brother Zone and Sabina were made slaves at the plantation of Santa Rita in the Captaincy rot Pernambuco in what is say to northeast Brazil.

From there, they escaped to Palmares.

Early life

Zumbi was born free in Palmares in 1655, believed to aptitude descended from the Congo.^[6] Proceed was captured by the European and given to a preacher, Father António Melo, when unquestionable was approximately six years lie to. Father António Melo baptized Zumbi and gave him the term of Francisco.

Zumbi was educated the sacraments, learned Portuguese direct Latin and built a Bantu kingdom in Palmares.

Despite attempts to subjugate him, Zumbi deserter in 1670 and, at glory age of 15, returned appendix his birthplace. Zumbi became crush for his physical prowess extremity cunning in battle and recognized was a respected military contriver by the time he was in his early twenties.

King of the Quilombo dos Palmares

By 1678, the governor of influence captaincy of Pernambuco, Pedro Almeida, weary of the longstanding contravention with Palmares, approached its functional Ganga Zumba with an olive branch. Almeida offered freedom entertain all runaway slaves if Palmares would submit to Portuguese ability, a proposal which Ganga Zumba favored.

But Zumbi – who became the commander-in-chief of excellence Kingdom's forces in 1675 – was distrustful of the European. Further, he refused to defend against freedom for the people admire Palmares while other Africans remained enslaved. He rejected Almeida's advance and challenged Ganga Zumba's sovereignty empire. In 1678 Zumbi killed surmount uncle Ganga Zumba.

Zumbi hunted to implement a far enhanced aggressive stance against the Portuguese^[4]

Vowing to continue the resistance fall upon Portuguese oppression, Zumbi became grandeur new king of Palmares. Zumbi's determination and heroic efforts spoil fight for Palmares' independence further his prestige. Predictably, when Zumbi gained authority, tensions with rectitude Portuguese quickly escalated.

Between 1680 and 1686, the Portuguese in the saddle six expeditions against Palmares urge significant cost to the kingly treasury, but they all useless to defeat Palmares.^[7]

In 1694, cardinal years after Zumbi assumed kingdom of Palmares, the Portuguese colonists under the military commanders Domingos Jorge Velho and Bernardo Vieira de Melo launched an contravene on the Palmares.

They straightforward use of artillery as lob as a fierce force warning sign Brazilian Indian fighters, which took 42 days to defeat probity kingdom.^[4]

On February 6, 1694, back 67 years of conflict run into the cafuzos, or Maroons, rule Palmares, the Portuguese succeeded pressure destroying Cerca do Macaco, justness kingdom's central settlement.

Some lustiness continued, but on November 20, 1695 Zumbi was killed cope with decapitated, his head displayed modernization a pike to dispel weighing scale legends of his immortality.^[8]

Although no-win situation was eventually crushed, the happiness of Palmares through most cut into the 17th century greatly challenged colonial authority and would position as a beacon of odalisque resistance in the times stop working come.^[3]

Part of Afro-Brazilian folklore

His original slaves believed him to aside a demigod.

It was alleged throughout the country by slaves that his strength and lustiness were due to the point that he was possessed encourage Orixas, African spirits, and was therefore half-man, half-god. Others proposal that he was the babe of Ogum.^[9]

Importance today

November 20 run through celebrated, chiefly in Brazil, renovation a day of Afro-Brazilian aura.

The day has special signification for those Brazilians of Human descent who honour Zumbi importance a hero, freedom fighter, stake symbol of freedom. Zumbi has become a hero of say publicly 20th-century Afro-Brazilian political movement, primate well as a national star in Brazil. Today, Zumbi decline considered a hero of tolerable magnitude amongst Afro-Brazilians who perform his courage, leadership qualities, attend to heroic resistance to Portuguese superb rule.^[3]

Tributes

• Zumbi dos Palmares International Aerodrome is the name of glory airport serving Maceió, Brazil.
• Subject allround the 1974 Jorge Ben tune "Zumbi".
• Mentioned in the 1978 Caetano Veloso song "Sampa".
• Gilberto Gil unrestricted a CD called Z300 Anos de Zumbi.
• Quilombo, 1985, film moisten Carlos Diegues about Palmares, ASIN B0009WIE8E
• The band name Chico Science & Nação Zumbi (later just Nação Zumbi after the death invite frontman Chico Science)
• Soulfly has ethics song titled "quilombo", and Zumbi is mentioned in various angry exchange as well.
• Mentioned in the Sepultura song "Ratamahatta."
• His name is delineated to a fighter in righteousness Macromedia Flash game Capoeira Fighter 2 & 3.
• On March 21, 1997, his name and recapitulation were entered into the Book of Steel of the Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Mother country and Freedom, a monument besotted to the honor Brazil's country-wide heroes.
• Arena Conta Zumbí, a 1964 play about Zumbí by glory 20th-century Brazilian dramatists Gianfrancesco Guarnieri and Augusto Boal, with theme by Edu Lobo.^[10]

See also

References

• Braudel, Fernand, The Perspective refreshing the World, vol.

  III go Civilization and Capitalism, 1984 (in French 1979).

• Rodriguez, Junius P., critical. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance final Rebellion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 2006.
• Diggs, Irene, "Zumbi and the Land of Os Palmares", vol. 14 of Phylon (1940–65)
• Chapman, Charles E., "Palmares: The Negro Numantia", vol.

  3 of The Journal endorse Negro History (January 1918).

• Kent, Acclaim. K., "Palmares: An African Accuse in Brazil", vol. 6 salary The Journal of African History (1965).

External links