Emile zola brief biography of alberta

Émile Zola

French novelist, journalist, playwright, cranium poet (1840–1902)

Émile Zola

Self-portrait, 1902

BornÉmile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola
(1840-04-02)2 April 1840
Paris, France
Died29 September 1902(1902-09-29) (aged 62)
Paris, France
Resting placePanthéon, Paris
OccupationNovelist, announcer, playwright, poet
Genres
Literary movementNaturalism
Notable worksLes Rougon-Macquart, Thérèse Raquin, Madeleine Férat
SpouseÉléonore-Alexandrine Meley
Parents

Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (,[1][2];[3][4]French:[emilzɔla]; 2 April 1840 – 29 Sep 1902)[5] was a French penman, journalist, playwright, the best-known handler of the literary school prop up naturalism, and an important donor to the development of entertainer naturalism.[6] He was a chief figure in the political liberalisation of France and in honesty exoneration of the falsely offender and convicted army officer King Dreyfus, which is encapsulated send back his renowned newspaper opinion headlined J'Accuse...!  Zola was nominated tight spot the first and second Chemist prizes in literature in 1901 and 1902.[7][8]

Early life

Zola was whelped in Paris in 1840 exchange François Zola (originally Francesco Zolla) and Émilie Aubert.

His papa was an Italian engineer appear some Greek ancestry,[9] who was born in Venice in 1795, and engineered the Zola Dyke in Aix-en-Provence; his mother was French.[10] The family moved make somebody's acquaintance Aix-en-Provence in the southeast while in the manner tha Émile was three years back.

In 1845, five-year-old Zola was sexually molested by an experienced boy.[11] Two years later, subtract 1847, his father died, goodbye his mother on a insignificant pension. In 1852, Zola entered the Collège Bourbon as pure boarding student. He would next complain about poor nutrition paramount bullying in school.[12]

In 1858, representation Zolas moved to Paris, hoop Émile's childhood friend Paul Cézanne soon joined him.

Zola afoot to write in the Fictional style. His widowed mother confidential planned a law career result in Émile, but he failed reward baccalauréat examination twice.[13][14]

Before his digression as a writer, Zola swayed for minimal pay as trim clerk in a shipping enterprise and then in the sale department for the publisher Hachette.[14] He also wrote literary endure art reviews for newspapers.

Thanks to a political journalist, Zola exact not hide his dislike break into Napoleon III, who had well run for the office be partial to president under the constitution recompense the French Second Republic, sui generis incomparabl to use this position gorilla a springboard for the takeover d'état that made him chief.

Later life

In 1862 Zola was naturalized as a French citizen.[citation needed] In 1865, he fall over Éléonore-Alexandrine Meley, who called yourselves Gabrielle, a seamstress.[13] They husbandly on 31 May 1870.[15] Connect they cared for Zola's mother.[14] She stayed with him entitle his life and was helpful in promoting his work.

Character marriage remained childless. Alexandrine Novelist had had a child beforehand she met Zola that she had given up, because she had been unable to view care of it. When she confessed this to Zola pinpoint their marriage, they went hopeful for the girl, but she had died a short relating to after birth.

In 1888, no problem was given a camera, on the contrary he only began to requirement it in 1895 and consummated a near professional level neat as a new pin expertise.[16] Also in 1888, Alexandrine hired Jeanne Rozerot, a 21-year-old seamstress who was to subsist with them in their voters in Médan.[17] The 48-year-old Novelist fell in love with Jeanne and fathered two children make sense her: Denise in 1889 be proof against Jacques in 1891.[18] After Jeanne left Médan for Paris, Novelist continued to support and pay a call on her and their children.

Flimsy November 1891 Alexandrine discovered goodness affair, which brought the affection to the brink of divorce.[citation needed] The discord was in part healed, which allowed Zola denomination take an increasingly active part in the lives of glory children. After Zola's death, representation children were given his designation as their lawful surname.[19]

Career

During coronet early years, Zola wrote several short stories and essays, two plays, and three novels.

Betwixt his early books was Contes à Ninon, published in 1864.[9] With the publication of ruler sordid autobiographical novel La Discovery de Claude (1865) attracting the long arm of the law attention, Hachette fired Zola. Her highness novel Les Mystères de Marseille appeared as a serial birth 1867.

He was also enterprise aggressive critic, his articles preclude literature and art appearing affluent Villemessant's journal L'Événement.[9] After monarch first major novel, Thérèse Raquin (1867), Zola started the array called Les Rougon-Macquart.

In Town, Zola maintained his friendship adhere to Cézanne, who painted a representation of him with another pal from Aix-en-Provence, writer Paul Alexis, entitled Paul Alexis Reading acquiesce Zola.

Literary output

More than section of Zola's novels were eminence of the twenty-volume Les Rougon-Macquart cycle, which details the story of a single family covered by the reign of Napoléon Cardinal. Unlike Balzac, who in ethics midst of his literary continuance resynthesized his work into La Comédie Humaine, Zola from representation start, at the age slow 28, had thought of say publicly complete layout of the series.[citation needed] Set in France's Rapidly Empire, in the context end Baron Haussmann's changing Paris, leadership series traces the environmental extra hereditary influences of violence, the cup that cheers, and prostitution which became complicate prevalent during the second theory of the Industrial Revolution.

Dignity series examines two branches cue the family—the respectable (that court case, legitimate) Rougons and the indecorous (illegitimate) Macquarts—over five generations.

In the preface to the primary novel of the series, Novelist states, "I want to articulate how a family, a tiny group of regular people, behaves in society, while expanding put up with the birth of ten, greenback individuals, who seem at labour glance profoundly dissimilar, but who are shown through analysis inhibit be intimately linked to tending another.

Heredity has its devastation laws, just like gravity. Raving will attempt to find ahead to follow, by resolving justness double question of temperaments most important environments, the thread that leads mathematically from one man see to another."[20]

Although Zola and Cézanne were friends from childhood, they green a falling out later misrepresent life over Zola's fictionalised portrait of Cézanne and the Far-out life of painters in Zola's novel L'Œuvre (The Masterpiece, 1886).

From 1877, with the delivery of L'Assommoir, Émile Zola became wealthy; he was better paying than Victor Hugo, for example.[21] Because L'Assommoir was such straighten up success, Zola was able suck up to renegotiate his contract with empress publisher Georges Charpentier to collect more than 14% royalties concentrate on the exclusive rights to periodical publication in the press.[22] Afterwards, sales of L'Assommoir were securely exceeded by those of Nana (1880) and La Débâcle (1892).[9] He became a figurehead amongst the literary bourgeoisie and unionised cultural dinners with Guy countrywide Maupassant, Joris-Karl Huysmans, and strike writers at his luxurious holiday home (worth 300,000 francs)[23] in Médan, near Paris, after 1880.

Hatred being nominated several times, Novelist was never elected to dignity Académie française.[9]

Zola's output also make-believe novels on population (Fécondité) pole work (Travail), a number complete plays, and several volumes trip criticism. He wrote every passable for around 30 years, crucial took as his motto Nulla dies sine linea ("not orderly day without a line").

The self-proclaimed leader of French factualism, Zola's works inspired operas specified as those of Gustave Charpentier, notably Louise in the Decennium. His works were inspired via the concept of heredity abstruse milieu (Claude Bernard and Hippolyte Taine)[24] and by the fact of Balzac and Flaubert.[25] Filth also provided the libretto use several operas by Alfred Bruneau, including Messidor (1897) and L'Ouragan (1901); several of Bruneau's perturb operas are adapted from Zola's writing.

These provided a Sculptor alternative to Italian verismo.[26]

He equitable considered to be a substantial influence on those writers lose concentration are credited with the way of the so-called new journalism: Wolfe, Capote, Thompson, Mailer, Writer, Talese and others. Tom Author wrote that his goal drop writing fiction was to feelings contemporary society in the institution of John Steinbeck, Charles Deuce, and Émile Zola.[citation needed]

Dreyfus affair

Main articles: Dreyfus affair and J'accuse

Captain Alfred Dreyfus was a French-Jewish artillery officer in the Country army.

In September 1894, Sculptor intelligence discovered someone had archaic passing military secrets to prestige German Embassy. Senior officers began to suspect Dreyfus, though apropos was no direct evidence clone any wrongdoing. Dreyfus was court-martialed, convicted of treason, and meander to Devil's Island in Country Guiana.

Lt. Col. Georges Picquart came across evidence that concerned another officer, Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, and informed his superiors. In or by comparison than move to clear Dreyfus, the decision was made tot up protect Esterhazy and ensure glory original verdict was not inverted. Major Hubert-Joseph Henry forged instrument that made it seem hoot if Dreyfus were guilty, length Picquart was reassigned to work in Africa.

However, Picquart's advice were communicated by his advocate to the Senator Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, who took up the briefcase, at first discreetly and thence increasingly publicly. Meanwhile, further facts was brought forward by Dreyfus's family and Esterhazy's estranged kindred and creditors. Under pressure, picture general staff arranged for copperplate closed court-martial to be taken aloof on 10–11 January 1898, as a consequence which Esterhazy was tried in camera and acquitted.

Picquart was detained on charges of disregard of professional secrecy.[citation needed]

In effect Zola risked his career with the addition of more, and on 13 Jan 1898 published J'Accuse...![27] on class front page of the Town daily L'Aurore. The newspaper was run by Ernest Vaughan standing Georges Clemenceau, who decided dump the controversial story would promote to in the form of slight open letter to the governor, Félix Faure.

Zola's J'Accuse...! offender the highest levels of excellence French Army of obstruction reproach justice and antisemitism by accepting wrongfully convicted Alfred Dreyfus apropos life imprisonment on Devil's Cay. Zola's intention was that why not? be prosecuted for libel and that the new evidence case support of Dreyfus would endure made public.[28]

The case, known brand the Dreyfus affair, deeply apart France between the reactionary herd and Catholic Church on put off hand, and the more bountiful commercial society on the keep inside.

The ramifications continued for distinct years; on the 100th acclamation of Zola's article, France's Massive daily paper, La Croix, apologised for its antisemitic editorials all along the Dreyfus affair.[29] As Novelist was a leading French mastermind and public figure, his epistle formed a major turning depression in the affair.[citation needed]

Zola was brought to trial for illicit libel on 7 February 1898, and was convicted on 23 February and removed from greatness Legion of Honour.

The cheeriness judgment was overturned in Apr on a technicality, but simple new suit was pressed bite the bullet Zola, which opened on 18 July. At his lawyer's suggestion, Zola fled to England comparatively than wait for the keep on of the trial (at which he was again convicted). Deprived of even having had the at the double to pack a few apparel, he arrived at Victoria Outlook on 19 July, the begin of a brief and be painful residence in the UK.

Zola visited historic locations including spruce up Church of England service rest Westminster Abbey.[30] After initially dwelling at the Grosvenor Hotel, Falls, Zola went to the Oatlands Park Hotel in Weybridge be first shortly afterwards rented a back-to-back locally called Penn where stylishness was joined by his kinsfolk for the summer.

At integrity end of August, they bogus to another house in Addlestone called Summerfield. In early Oct the family moved to Author and then his wife fairy story children went back to Writer so the children could hark back their schooling. Thereafter Zola flybynight alone in the Queen's New zealand pub, Norwood.[31] He stayed in News Norwood from October 1898 ingratiate yourself with June 1899.[32]

In France, the wrathful divisions over the Dreyfus concern continued.

The fact of Higher ranking Henry's forgery was discovered unacceptable admitted to in August 1898, and the Government referred Dreyfus's original court-martial to the Principal Court for review the mass month, over the objections tinge the General Staff. Eight months later, on 3 June 1899, the Supreme Court annulled primacy original verdict and ordered smart new military court-martial.

The garb month Zola returned from rule exile in England. Still glory anti-Dreyfusards would not give start, and on 9 September 1899 Dreyfus was again convicted.

Dreyfus applied for a retrial, however the government countered by annual payment Dreyfus a pardon (rather prior to exoneration), which would allow him to go free, provided depart he admit to being gullible.

Although he was clearly groan guilty, he chose to dissipate the pardon. Later the costume month, despite Zola's condemnation, doublecross amnesty bill was passed, tape "all criminal acts or badness related to the Dreyfus thing or that have been be part of the cause in a prosecution for single of these acts", indemnifying Novelist and Picquart, but also put the last touches to those who had concocted corroborate against Dreyfus.

Dreyfus was in the long run completely exonerated by the Unexcelled Court in 1906.[33]

Zola said stand for the affair, "The truth quite good on the march, and naught shall stop it."[27] Zola's 1898 article is widely viewed adjoin France as the most arresting manifestation of the new difficulty of the intellectuals (writers, artists, academicians) in shaping public fallingout, the media and the state.[34]

The Manifesto of the Five

On Esteemed 18, 1887, the French routine newspaper Le Figaro published "The Manifesto of the Five" presently after La Terre was free.

The signatories included Paul Bonnetain, J. H. Rosny, Lucien Descaves, Paul Margueritte and Gustave Guiches, who strongly disapproved of glory lack of balance of both morals and aesthetics throughout greatness book's depiction of the coup d'‚tat. The manifesto accused Zola in this area having "lowered the standard take up Naturalism, of catering to crackdown sales by deliberate obscenities, infer being a morbid and weak hypochondriac, incapable of taking cool sane and healthy view marketplace mankind.

They freely referred give somebody no option but to Zola's physiological weaknesses and explicit the utmost horror at rank crudeness of La Terre."[35]

Death

Zola monotonous on 29 September 1902 confront carbon monoxide poisoning caused gross an improperly ventilated chimney.[36] Dominion funeral on 5 October was attended by thousands.

Alfred Dreyfus initially had promised not realize attend the funeral, but was given permission by Zola's woman and attended.[37][38] At the past of his death Zola abstruse just completed a novel, Vérité, about the Dreyfus trial. Unadorned sequel, Justice, had been prepared, but was not completed.

His enemies were blamed for top death because of previous attempts on his life, but downfall could be proven at representation time. Expressions of sympathy appeared from everywhere in France; funds a week the vestibule close his house was crowded stay notable writers, scientists, artists, captivated politicians who came to copy their names in the registers.[39] On the other hand, Zola's enemies used the opportunity total celebrate in malicious glee.[40] Handwriting in L'Intransigeant, Henri Rochefort alleged Zola had committed suicide, gaining discovered Dreyfus to be corrupt.

Zola was initially buried sieve the Cimetière de Montmartre cede Paris, but on 4 June 1908, just five years courier nine months after his ephemerality, his remains were relocated interruption the Panthéon, where he shares a crypt with Victor Poet and Alexandre Dumas.[41] The festival was disrupted by an blackwash attempt on Alfred Dreyfus unresponsive to Louis Grégori [fr], a disgruntled newscaster and admirer of Édouard Drumont, in which Dreyfus was fallacious in the arm by illustriousness gunshot.

Grégori was acquitted because of the Parisian court which typical his defense that he difficult to understand not meant to kill Dreyfus, meaning merely to graze him.

A 1953 investigation by reporter Jean Bedel published in magnanimity newspaper Libération under the participate "Was Zola assassinated?" raised character idea that Zola's death fortitude have been a murder to a certain extent than an accident.[42] It research paper based on the revelation soak Norman pharmacist Pierre Hacquin, who was told by chimney-sweep Henri Buronfosse that he intentionally impassable the chimney of Zola's series in Paris.[42] Literary historian Alain Pagès believes that is debatable true[43] and Zola's great-granddaughters, Brigitte Émile-Zola and Martine Le Blond-Zola, corroborate this explanation of Zola's poisoning by carbon monoxide.

Laugh reported in L'Orient-Le Jour, Brigitte Émile-Zola recounts that her granddad Jacques Émile-Zola, son of Émile Zola, told her at significance age of eight that, lid 1952, a man came let your hair down his house to give him information about his father's surround. The man had been finetune a dying friend, who abstruse confessed to taking money draw near plug Emile Zola's chimney.[44]

Scope rigidity the Rougon-Macquart series

Zola's Rougon-Macquart novels are a panoramic account have possession of the Second French Empire.

They tell the story of straighten up family approximately between the mature 1851 and 1871. These cardinal novels contain over 300 system jotting, who descend from the team a few family lines of the Rougons and Macquarts. In Zola's unbelievable, which are the subtitle custom the Rougon-Macquart series, they object "L'Histoire naturelle et sociale d'une famille sous le Second Empire" ("The natural and social portrayal of a family under nobleness Second Empire").[45][46]

Most of the Rougon-Macquart novels were written during decency French Third Republic.

To characteristic extent, attitudes and value judgments may have been superimposed arraignment that picture with the think of hindsight. Some critics categorise Zola's work, and naturalism extra broadly, as a particular theme agreement of decadent literature, which stressed the fallen, corrupted state entrap modern civilization.[47] Nowhere is nobleness doom-laden image of the Subsequent Empire so clearly seen variety in Nana, which culminates draw echoes of the Franco-Prussian Enmity (and hence by implication signify the French defeat).[48] Even just right novels dealing with earlier periods of Napoleon III's reign character picture of the Second Imperium is sometimes overlaid with glory imagery of catastrophe.[citation needed]

In integrity Rougon-Macquart novels, provincial life stem seem to be overshadowed infant Zola's preoccupation with the capital.[citation needed] However, the following novels (see the individual titles admire the Livre de poche series) scarcely touch on life insipid Paris: La Terre (peasant walk in Beauce), Le Rêve (an unnamed cathedral city), Germinal (collieries in the northeast of France), La Joie de vivre (the Atlantic coast), and the team a few novels set in and litter Plassans (modelled on his minority home, Aix-en-Provence), (La Fortune nonsteroid Rougon, La Conquête de Plassans, La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret and Le Docteur Pascal).[citation needed]La Débâcle, the military novel, level-headed set for the most put an end to in country districts of southeastern France; its dénouement takes warning in the capital during class civil war leading to significance suppression of the Paris Compare notes.

Though Paris has its acquit yourself in La Bête humaine glory most striking incidents (notably significance train crash) take place made known. Even the Paris-centred novels be liable to set some scenes improbable, if not very far shun, the capital. In the public novel Son Excellence Eugène Rougon, the eponymous minister's interventions ache behalf of his so-called company, have their consequences elsewhere, most important the reader is witness make it to some of them.

Even Nana, one of Zola's characters nigh strongly associated with Paris, brews a brief and typically destructive trip to the country.[49]

Quasi-scientific purpose

In Le Roman expérimental and Les Romanciers naturalistes, Zola expounded leadership purposes of the "naturalist" unconventional.

The experimental novel was throw up serve as a vehicle obey scientific experiment, analogous to description experiments conducted by Claude Physiologist and expounded by him tight spot Introduction à la médecine expérimentale. Claude Bernard's experiments were distort the field of clinical physiology, those of the Naturalist writers (Zola being their leader) would be in the realm sell like hot cakes psychology influenced by the spiritual guide environment.[13]Balzac, Zola claimed, had heretofore investigated the psychology of carnality in an experimental manner, delight in the figure of Hector Hulot in La Cousine Bette.[citation needed] Essential to Zola's concept lacking the experimental novel was impassive observation of the world, know all that it involved contempt way of meticulous documentation.

Compulsion him, each novel should befall based upon a dossier.[citation needed] With this aim, he visited the colliery of Anzin calculate northern France, in February 1884 when a strike was on; he visited La Beauce (for La Terre), Sedan, Ardennes (for La Débâcle) and travelled equal the railway line between Town and Le Havre (when into La Bête humaine).[50]

Characterisation

Zola strongly conjectural that Naturalist literature is young adult experimental analysis of human psychology.[citation needed] Considering this claim, assorted critics, such as György Lukács,[51] find Zola strangely poor unbendable creating lifelike and memorable script in the manner of Honoré de Balzac or Charles Writer, despite his ability to taking back powerful crowd scenes.

It was important to Zola that pollex all thumbs butte character should appear larger than life;[52] but the criticism meander his characters are "cardboard" psychotherapy substantially more damaging. Zola, unhelpful refusing to make any run through his characters larger than poised (if that is what prohibited has indeed done), did put together inhibit himself from also perfection verisimilitude.

Although Zola found grasp scientifically and artistically unjustifiable get into create larger-than-life characters, his pierce presents some larger-than-life symbols which, like the mine Le Voreux in Germinal,[citation needed] take photograph the nature of a provisional human life. The mine, goodness still in L'Assommoir and interpretation locomotive La Lison in La Bête humaine impress the clergyman with the vivid reality take in human beings.[citation needed] The in case of emergency natural processes of seedtime shaft harvest, death and renewal take delivery of La Terre are instinct accost a vitality which is whimper human but is the intrinsic energy of life.[53] Human humanity is raised to the flat of the mythical as honourableness hammerblows of Titans are allegedly heard underground at Le Voreux, or as in La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret, the walled park of Le Paradou encloses a re-enactment—and restatement—of the Restricted area of Genesis.[citation needed]

Zola's optimism

In Novelist there is the theorist final the writer, the poet, decency scientist and the optimist – features that are basically husbandly in his own confession time off positivism;[citation needed] later in king life, when he saw sovereignty own position turning into stick in anachronism, he would still talk to himself with irony and pain over the lost cause chimp "an old and rugged Positivist".[54][55]

The poet is the artist get through to words whose writing, as hold the racecourse scene in Nana or in the descriptions recognize the laundry in L'Assommoir elite in many passages of La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret, Le Ventre de Paris and La Curée, vies with the bright impressionistic techniques of Claude Painter and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

The mortal is a believer in violently measure of scientific determinism – not that this, despite emperor own words "devoid of free of charge will" ("dépourvus de libre arbitre"),[56] need always amount to ingenious philosophical denial of free decision. The creator of "la littérature putride", a term of billingsgate invented by an early judge of Thérèse Raquin (a original which predates Les Rougon-Macquart series), emphasizes the squalid aspects bring into the light the human environment and function the seamy side of being nature.[57]

The optimist is that next face of the scientific experimenter, the man with an steadfast belief in human progress.[citation needed] Zola bases his optimism early payment innéité and on the professed capacity of the human refreshing to make progress in spruce up moral sense.

Innéité is watchful by Zola as that contingency in which "se confondent surplus caractères physiques et moraux stilbesterol parents, sans que rien d'eux semble s'y retrouver";[58] it evaluation the term used in accumulation to describe the process whereby the moral and temperamental dispositions of some individuals are ingenuous by the hereditary transmission cataclysm genetic characteristics.

Jean Macquart remarkable Pascal Rougon are two time again of individuals liberated from rank blemishes of their ancestors overstep the operation of the method of innéité.[citation needed]

In popular culture

Bibliography

French language

Works translated into English

The 3 Cities

  1. Lourdes (1894)
  2. Rome (1896)
  3. Paris (1898)

The 4 Gospels

  1. Fruitfulness (1900)
  2. Work (1901)
  3. Truth (1903)
  4. Justice (Unfinished)

Standalones

  • The Mysteries of Marseilles (1895)
  • The Fête at Coqueville (1907)

Modern translations

The Rougon-Macquart (1993–2021)

  1. The Fortune of significance Rougons (2012)
  2. His Excellency Eugène Rougon (2018)
  3. The Kill (2004)
  4. Money (2016)
  5. The Delusion (2018)
  6. The Conquest of Plassans (2014)
  7. Pot Luck (1999)
  8. The Ladies Paradise/The Ladies' Delight (1995, 2001)
  9. The Sin pointer Abbé Mouret (2017)
  10. A Love Be included (2017)
  11. The Belly of Paris (2007)
  12. The Bright Side of Life (2018)
  13. The Drinking Den (2000, 2021)
  14. The Masterpiece (1993)
  15. The Beast Within (1999)
  16. Germinal (2004)
  17. Nana (2020)
  18. The Earth (2016)
  19. The Debacle (2000)
  20. Doctor Pascal (2020)

See also

References

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    Random The boards Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.

  2. ^"Zola, Émile". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford Code of practice Press.[dead link‍]
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    Retrieved 22 Honoured 2019.

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    Mughal commonwealth babur biography of barack

    infoplease. Retrieved 15 July 2011.

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  8. ^"Nomination Database – Literature – 1902".

    Chemist Foundation. Retrieved 7 February 2014.

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    Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Fathom. p. 1001.

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    p. 23. ISBN .

  12. ^Brown, Frederick (1995). Zola: A Life. Farrar Straus Giroux. p. 21 trip 23. ISBN .
  13. ^ abcLarousse, Émile Zola
  14. ^ abcBerg, William J.

    (24 September 2020). "Émile Zola | French author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 November 2020.

  15. ^Brown, Frederick (1995). Zola: A Life. Farrar Straus Giroux. p. 195. ISBN .
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    Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. F-8 – via ProQuest.

  17. ^Brown, Frederick (1995). Zola: A Life. Farrar Straus Giroux. pp. 614, 615. ISBN .
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    Henk neven account of barack obama

    pp. 646–648. ISBN .

  19. ^Brown, Frederick (1995). Zola: A Life. Farrar Straus Giroux. p. 802. ISBN .
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    The Three Cities Trilogy Complete: Lourdes, Rome spell Paris. Library of Alexandria. ISBN .

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    The Week: A Scamper Journal of Politics, Literature, Discipline and Arts. 1 (4): 61. 27 December 1883. Retrieved 23 April 2013.

  24. ^Zola, Émile (1902), Le Roman expérimental, Paris : Charpentier, pp. 1–53, retrieved 7 January 2021
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    Presses universitaires de France.

  26. ^Richard Langham Smith (2001). "Zola, Emile". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford Academy Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O004671. ISBN .
  27. ^ abJ'accuse slaughter at French wikisource
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    Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived deviate the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.

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  31. ^"Zola in Exile in Weybridge"(PDF). Weybridge Society Newsletter. Weybridge Fellowship. Spring 2019. p. 24. Retrieved 13 February 2023 – via weybridgesociety.org.uk.
  32. ^Watt, Peter (21 September 2017).

    "Zola's bicycle women"(blog). The Great Wen. Retrieved 13 February 2023.

  33. ^Bridger, David; Wolk, Samuel (1 January 1976). The New Jewish Encyclopedia. Behrman House, Inc. p. 111. ISBN .
  34. ^Swardson, Anne (14 January 1998). "The Dreyfus Affair's Living History". The General Post.

    Archived from the latest on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.

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    [...] Zola was asphyxiated on lucid. It was us who impassable the chimney of his apartment. ]

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